Tire comparison

Comparison between tire models.

Description
Equivalence
Model comparison
Comparison treatment slip angle
References
See Also

Description

The typical relation between the lateral force and the slip angle can be observed in the figure below (Adapted from [1]). Besides, its possible to verify the definition of slip angle.

Equivalence

Given a reference Pacejka tire model it is possible to obtain an equivalent linear and polynomial model. The cornering stiffness of all models must be equal and the maximal lateral force of the Pacejka and Polynomial models must be the same.

The Pacejka model depends on the parameters \(a_0\), \(a_1\), \(a_2\), \(a_3\), \(a_4\), \(a_5\), \(a_6\) e \(a_7\) that defines the constants \(B\), \(C\), \(D\) and \(E\) wich can be used to define the constants of the equivalent models.

The equivalent linear tire model has cornering stiffness \(K\) given by

\[ K = B C D \]

The equivalent polynomial tire model has coeficients \(k_1\) and \(k_2\) given by

\[ k_1 = B C D \]

\[ k_2 = (4 k_1^3)/(27 F_{y, Max}^2) \]

where \(F_{y, Max}\) is the maximal lateral force of the reference characteristic curve.

Model comparison

% Code start

clear ; close all ; clc

deriva = (0:0.1:15)*pi/180;         % ngulo de deriva [rad]

a0  = 1.3;
a1  = 2.014156;
a2  = 710.5013;
a3  = 5226.341;
a4  = 78.87699;
a5  = 0.01078379;
a6  = -0.004759443;
a7  = -1.8572;
a8  = 0;
a9  = 0;
a10 = 0;
a11 = 0;
a12 = 0;
a13 = 0;

TirePac = VehicleDynamicsLateral.TirePacejka();

Fz = 4e+03;
camber = 0;
TirePac.a0 = a0;
TirePac.a1 = a1;
TirePac.a2 = a2;
TirePac.a3 = a3;
TirePac.a4 = a4;
TirePac.a5 = a5;
TirePac.a6 = a6;
TirePac.a7 = a7;
TirePac.a8 = a8;
TirePac.a9 = a9;
TirePac.a10 = a10;
TirePac.a11 = a11;
TirePac.a12= a12;
TirePac.a13 = a13;

muy0 = TirePac.a1 * Fz/1000 + TirePac.a2;
D = muy0 * Fz/1000;
BCD = TirePac.a3 * sin(2 * atan(Fz/1000/TirePac.a4))*(1-TirePac.a5 * abs(camber));

% Linear tire model

K = BCD * 180/pi;

TireLin = VehicleDynamicsLateral.TireLinear();
TireLin.k = K;

% Polynomial tire MODEL

k1 = BCD * 180/pi;
k2 = (4 * k1^3)/(27 * D^2);

TirePol = VehicleDynamicsLateral.TirePolynomial();
TirePol.k1 = k1;
TirePol.k2 = k2;

% Lateral force
FyPac = TirePac.Characteristic(deriva, Fz, muy0/1000);
FyLin = TireLin.Characteristic(deriva);
FyPol = TirePol.Characteristic(deriva);

% Graphics
g = VehicleDynamicsLateral.Graphics(TirePac);

figure(1)
ax = gca;
set(ax, 'NextPlot', 'add', 'Box', 'on', 'XGrid', 'on', 'YGrid', 'on')
p = plot(deriva * 180/pi,-FyLin, 'Color', 'g', 'Marker', 's', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'g', 'MarkeredgeColor', 'k', 'MarkerSize', 7);
g.changeMarker(p, 10);
p = plot(deriva * 180/pi,-FyPol, 'Color', 'b', 'Marker', '^', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'b', 'MarkeredgeColor', 'k', 'MarkerSize', 7);
g.changeMarker(p, 10);
p = plot(deriva * 180/pi,-FyPac, 'Color', 'r', 'Marker', 'o', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'r', 'MarkeredgeColor', 'k', 'MarkerSize', 7);
g.changeMarker(p, 10);
xlabel('\(\alpha\) [grau]', 'Interpreter', 'Latex')
ylabel('\(F_y\) [N]', 'Interpreter', 'Latex')
l = legend('Linear', 'Polynomial', 'Pacejka');
set(l, 'Interpreter', 'Latex', 'Location', 'NorthWest')

In the above figure the 3 characteristic curves are plotted. For small slip angles all models are equivalents.

Comparison treatment slip angle

deriva180 = (0:0.1:180)*pi/180;     % ngulo de deriva de 0  180 graus [rad]

% Sem tratamento
ALPHA = deriva180 * 180/pi;
C = a0;
muy = muy0;
E = a6 * Fz/1000 + a7;
B = BCD/(C * D);
Sh = a8 * camber + a9 * Fz/1000 + a10;
Sv = a11 * Fz/1000 * camber + a12 * Fz/1000 + a13;
ALPHAeq = muy0/muy*(ALPHA + Sh);
% Reference characteristics
fy = D * sin(C * atan(B * ALPHAeq - E*(B * ALPHAeq - atan(B * ALPHAeq))));
% Lateral force
FyPacSem180 = -muy/muy0*(fy + Sv);

% Com tratamento
FyPacCom180 = TirePac.Characteristic(deriva180, Fz, muy0/1000);

figure(2)
ax = gca;
set(ax, 'NextPlot', 'add', 'Box', 'on', 'XGrid', 'on', 'YGrid', 'on')
p = plot(deriva180 * 180/pi,-FyPacSem180, 'Color', 'm', 'Marker', 'd', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'm', 'MarkeredgeColor', 'k', 'MarkerSize', 7);
g.changeMarker(p, 10);
p = plot(deriva180 * 180/pi,-FyPacCom180, 'Color', 'r', 'Marker', 'o', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'r', 'MarkeredgeColor', 'k', 'MarkerSize', 7);
g.changeMarker(p, 10);
plot([90 90],[0 3000],'--k')    % Linha vertical de simetria
xlabel('\(\alpha\) [grau]', 'Interpreter', 'Latex')
ylabel('\(F_y\) [N]', 'Interpreter', 'Latex')
l = legend('Pacejka without treatment', 'Pacejka with treatment ');
set(l, 'Interpreter', 'Latex', 'Location', 'SouthEast')

In the above figure we can see that the curve is symmetric to a vertical line positioned at \(\alpha = 90 [graus]\).

References

[1] GILLESPIE, T. D. Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics. [S.l.]: Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA, 1992.